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Lambda vs EC2

Lambda:

  • Virtual functions - no servers to manage!
  • Limited by time - short executions
  • Run on-demand
  • Scaling is automated!

EC2:

  • Virtual Servers in the Cloud
  • Limited by RAM and CPU
  • Continuously running
  • Scaling means intervention to add / remove servers

Benefits of Lambda

  • Easy Pricing:
    • Pay per request and compute time
    • Free tier of 1,000,000 AWS Lambda requests and 400,000 GBs of compute time
  • Integrated with the whole AWS suite of services
  • Event-Driven: functions get invoked by AWS when needed
  • Integrated with many programming languages
  • Easy monitoring through AWS Cloud Watch
  • Easy to get more resources per functions (up to I0GB of RAM!)
  • Increasing RAM will also improve CPU and network!

AWS Lambda languages supported

  • Node.js (JavaScript)
  • Python
  • Java
  • C# (NET Core) / Powershell
  • Ruby
  • Custom Runtime API (community supported, example Rust or Golang)
  • Lambda Container Image
  • The container image must implement the Lambda Runtime API
  • ECS / Fargate is preferred for running arbitrary Docker images

AWS Lambda Pricing

  • Pay per calls:
    • First 1,000,000 requests are free
    • $0.20 per | million requests thereafter ($0.0000002 per request)
  • Pay per duration: (in increment of 1 ms)
    • 400,000 GB-seconds of compute time per month if FREE
    • == 400,000 seconds if function is IGB RAM -== 3,200,000 seconds if function is 128 MB RAM
    • After that $1.00 for 600,000 GB-seconds
  • It is usually very cheap to run AWS Lambda so it's very popular

AWS Lambda Integrations Main Services​

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Example: Serverless Thumbnail Generation​

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Example: Serverless CRON Job​

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Lambda Concurrency and Throttling​

  • Concurrency limit: up to 1000 concurrent executions img.png
  • Can set a “reserved concurrency” at the function level (=limit)
  • Each invocation over the concurrency limit will trigger a “Throttle”
  • Throttle behavior:
  • If synchronous invocation => return ThrottleError - 429
  • If asynchronous invocation => retry automatically and then go to DLQ
  • If you need a higher limit, open a support ticket

Lambda Concurrency Issue​

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Concurrency and Asynchronous Invocations​

  • If the function doesn't have enough concurrency available to process all events, additional requests are throttled.
  • For throttling errors (429) and system errors (500-series), Lambda returns the event to the queue and attempts to run the function again for up to 6 hours.
  • The retry interval increases exponentially from 1 second after the first attempt to a maximum of 5 minutes. img.png

Cold Starts & Provisioned Concurrency​

  • Cold Start:
    • New instance => code is loaded and code outside the handler run (init)
    • If the init is large (code, dependencies, SDK…) this process can take some time.
    • First request served by new instances has higher latency than the rest
  • Provisioned Concurrency:
    • Concurrency is allocated before the function is invoked (in advance)
    • So the cold start never happens and all invocations have low latency
    • Application Auto Scaling can manage concurrency (schedule or target utilization)
  • Note:

Reserved and Provisioned Concurrency​

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Lambda SnapStart​

  • Improves your Lambda functions performance up to 10x at no extra cost for Java, Python & .NET
  • When enabled, function is invoked from a pre- initialized state (no function initialization from scratch)
  • When you publish a new version:
  • Lambda initializes your function
  • Takes a snapshot of memory and disk state of the initialized function
  • Snapshot is cached for low-latency access img.png

Customization At The Edge​

  • Many modern applications execute some form of the logic at the edge
  • Edge Function:
  • A code that you write and attach to CloudFront distributions
  • Runs close to your users to minimize latency
  • CloudFront provides two types: CloudFront Functions & Lambda@Edge
  • You don’t have to manage any servers, deployed globally
  • Use case: customize the CDN content
  • Pay only for what you use
  • Fully serverless

CloudFront Functions & Lambda@Edge Use Cases​

  • Website Security and Privacy
  • Dynamic Web Application at the Edge
  • Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
  • Intelligently Route Across Origins and Data Centers
  • Bot Mitigation at the Edge
  • Real-time Image Transformation
  • A/B Testing
  • User Authentication and Authorization
  • User Prioritization
  • User Tracking and Analytics

Lambda by default​

  • By default, your Lambda function is launched outside your own VPC (in an AWS-owned VPC)
  • Therefore, it cannot access resources in your VPC (RDS, ElastiCache, internal ELB…) img.png

Lambda in VPC​

  • You must define the VPC ID, the Subnets and the Security Groups
  • Lambda will create an ENI (Elastic Network Interface) in your subnets img.png

Lambda with RDS Proxy​

  • If Lambda functions directly access your database, they may open too many connections under high load
  • RDS Proxy
    • Improve scalability by pooling and sharing DB connections
    • Improve availability by reducing by 66% the failover time and preserving connections
    • Improve security by enforcing IAM authentication and storing credentials in Secrets Manager
  • The Lambda function must be deployed in your VPC, because RDS Proxy is never publicly accessible img.png

Invoking Lambda from RDS & Aurora​

  • Invoke Lambda functions from within your DB instance
  • Allows you to process data events from within a database
  • Supported for RDS for PostgreSQL and Aurora MySQL
  • Must allow outbound traffic to your Lambda function from within your DB instance (Public, NAT GW, VPC Endpoints)
  • DB instance must have the required permissions to invoke the Lambda function (Lambda Resource-based Policy & IAM Policy) img.png
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最後更新 於 由 Sean